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HVAC Systems Applications, 2nd Edition, 2010

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FOREWORD
HVAC SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS TASK FORCE
NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 HVAC SYSTEM PURPOSE
1.3 HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT
1.4 BASIC HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1.5 HVAC SYSTEM OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
1.6 GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
1.7 HVAC SYSTEM SELECTION PARAMETERS
1.8 SPACE CONDITIONS
1.9 HVAC EQUIPMENT AND SPACE
FIGURE 1-1 COMFORT ZONE
FIGURE 1-2 BASIC HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
FIGURE 1-3 TYPICAL CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 1-4 COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY USE
CHAPTER 2 HVAC SYSTEM APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS [Go to Page]
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 AIR CHEMISTRY
2.3 MOIST AIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2.4 MOIST AIR ENERGY CONTENT
2.5 ZONE DEFINED
2.6 AIRFLOW DEFINED
2.7 SPACE CONDITIONING METHODS
2.8 HVAC SYSTEMS CATEGORIZED BY PRIMARY HEAT TRANSFER MEDIA
FIGURE 2-1 TYPICAL HVAC PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
FIGURE 2-2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART EXAMPLE
FIGURE 2-3 COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING FLOOR PLAN
FIGURE 2-4 ALL-AIR HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 2-5 AIR-HYDRONIC HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 2-6 ALL-HYDRONIC HVAC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 VARIABLE-AIR-VOLUME HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 VAV SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.3 VAV VERSUS CONSTANT-AIRVOLUME HVAC SYSTEMS
3.4 VAV SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 VAV TERMINAL UNITS
3.6 BASIC VAV TERMINAL UNITS
3.7 FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNITS
3.8 VAV TERMINAL UNITS WITH REHEAT
3.9 BYPASS VAV TERMINAL UNITS
3.10 VAV TERMINAL UNIT
3.11 HVAC SYSTEMS INCORPORATING VAV
FIGURE 3-1 BASIC SINGLE-ZONE COOLING ONLY VAV SYSTEM
FIGURE 3-2 BASIC MULTI-ZONE COOLING-ONLY VAV SYSTEM
FIGURE 3-3 VAV AIR TERMINAL UNIT SERVING MULTIPLE AIR OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-4 BASIC VAV SINGLE-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-5 BASIC VAV SINGLE-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT " CUTAWAY VIEW
FIGURE 3-6 VAV TERMINAL UNIT TYPES, CONFIGURATIONS, AND FEATURES
FIGURE 3-7 SINGLE-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-8 BASIC VAV DUAL-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-9 BASIC VAV DUAL-DUCT TERMINAL UNIT " CUTAWAY VIEW
FIGURE 3-10 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-11 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT " NON-BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-12 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT " MAXIMUM HEATING BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-13 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT "UNEQUAL FLOW BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-14 DUAL-DUCT VAV TERMINAL UNIT " CONSTANT VOLUME BLENDING CONTROL STRATEGY
FIGURE 3-15 FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-16 PARALLEL FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-17 PARALLEL FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT " CUTAWAY VIEW (FAN NOT SHOWN)
FIGURE 3-18 SERIES FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-19 SERIES FLOW FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT " CUTAWAY VIEW (FAN NOT SHOWN)
FIGURE 3-20 VAV TERMINAL UNIT WITH REHEAT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-21 BYPASS (DUMP) VAV TERMINAL UNIT " FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3-22 VAV TERMINAL UNIT INLET MULTIPOINT PRESSURE SENSOR
FIGURE 3-23 MULTIPOINT PRESSURE SENSOR
CHAPTER 4 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
4.3 USE OF A MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 4-1 MULTIZONE HVAC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 5 TERMINAL REHEAT HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
5.3 SYSTEM FEATURES
5.4 SYSTEM LAYOUT
5.5 SYSTEM OPERATION
5.6 VAV HVAC SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL REHEAT
FIGURE 5-1 TYPICAL TERMINAL REHEAT HVAC SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 5-2 CONSTANT VOLUME TERMINAL REHEAT UNIT
CHAPTER 6 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
6.3 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM APPLICATION
6.4 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM OPERATION
6.5 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM FEATURES
6.6 CENTRAL DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM EQUIPMENT
6.7 DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM AIR TERMINAL UNITS
6.8 SYSTEM OPERATION
6.9 IMPROVING EXISTING DUAL-DUCT HVAC SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
FIGURE 6-1 DUAL-DUCT SINGLE-FAN HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 6-2 DUAL-DUCT SINGLE-FAN HVAC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 6-3 DUAL-DUCT DUAL-FAN HVAC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 6-4 DUAL-DUCT LOW VELOCITY SYSTEM
FIGURE 6-5 DUAL-DUCT HIGH VELOCITY SYSTEM
FIGURE 6-6 MIXING AND VOLUME CONTROL METHOD USING SELF-ACTUATED SPRING-LOADED VOLUME REGULATOR FOR CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM
FIGURE 6-7 MIXING AND VOLUME CONTROL METHOD USING FLOW REGULATOR FOR CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7 INDUCTION REHEAT HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
7.3 INDUCTION TERMINAL UNITS
7.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
7.5 SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
FIGURE 7-1 INDUCTION REHEAT SYSTEM
FIGURE 7-2 INDUCTION TERMINAL UNIT FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 7-3 TWO-PIPE INDUCTION TERMINAL UNIT BYPASS CONTROL
CHAPTER 8 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
8.3 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
8.4 UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8.5 CONVENTIONAL UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM TYPES
8.6 SINGLE-PACKAGED UNITS
8.7 SPLIT SYSTEMS
8.8 PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS
8.9 UNITARY HEAT PUMPS
8.10 COMBINATION UNITARY AND CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEMS
FIGURE 8-1 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE
FIGURE 8-2 ROOFTOP UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 8-3 SPLIT-SYSTEM UNITARY HVAC SYSTEM
FIGURE 8-4 THROUGH-THE-WALL PTAC WITH SEPARATE HEATING AND COOLING CHASSIS
FIGURE 8-5 THROUGH-THE-WALL PTAC WITH COMBINED CHASSIS
CHAPTER 9 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT [Go to Page]
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT OPERATION AND COMPONENTS
9.3 CHILLER PURPOSE
9.4 CHILLER REFRIGERATION CYCLE
9.5 REFRIGERANT
9.6 MOTOR-COMPRESSOR UNITS
9.7 MECHANICAL COMPRESSOR OPERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS
9.8 ABSORPTION CHILLERS
9.9 CENTRAL COOLING PLANTS WITH MULTIPLE CHILLERS
9.10 COOLING TOWERS
9.11 CONDENSER WATER SYSTEMS
9.12 EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS
FIGURE 9-1 CENTRAL COOLING PLANT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 9-2 VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
FIGURE 9-3 DIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER
FIGURE 9-4 INDIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWER
FIGURE 9-5 FORCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH COUNTERFLOW
FIGURE 9-6 INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH COUNTERFLOW
FIGURE 9-7 FORCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
FIGURE 9-8 INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
FIGURE 9-9 DOUBLE-ENTRY INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH CROSSFLOW
CHAPTER 10 CENTRAL HEATING PLANT [Go to Page]
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 FURNACES
10.3 BOILERS
10.4 HOT WATER VERSUS STEAM
10.5 BOILER PLANT OPERATION
10.6 BOILER CONSTRUCTION
10.7 BOILER FUELS
10.8 ELECTRIC BOILERS
10.9 BOILER RATING
10.10 BOILER CONTROLS
10.11 BOILER FEEDWATER AND CIRCULATING PUMPS
10.12 DEAERATORS
10.13 INCREASING CONVENTIONAL BOILER PLANT EFFICIENCY
10.14 CONDENSING BOILERS
Table 10-1 Boiler Rating by Facility Type
CHAPTER 11 ENGINEERED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
11.3 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
11.4 BASIC HEAT PUMP SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
11.5 HEAT PUMP SYSTEM TYPES
11.6 WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
11.8 HVAC Systems Applications • Second Edition FIGURE 11-2 AIR-SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
11.7 WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Table 11-1 Basic Heat Pump System Arrangements
FIGURE 11-1 BASIC HEAT PUMP SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
FIGURE 11-3 WATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
FIGURE 11-4 CLOSED LOOP WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 12 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PURPOSE
12.3 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
12.4 SMACNA AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STANDARDS
12.5 AIR DUCTS AND PLENUMS
12.6 AIR TERMINAL UNITS
12.7 AIR OUTLETS AND INLETS
12.8 PROVISIONS FOR TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING
CHAPTER 13 FANS AND AIR-HANDLING UNITS [Go to Page]
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 FANS
13.3 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
13.4 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATING POINT
13.5 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DYNAMICS
13.6 SYSTEM OPERATING POINT AND FAN SPEED
13.7 SUPPLY FAN AIRFLOW CONTROL
13.8 AIR HANDLING UNITS
FIGURE 13-1 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: PROPELLER TYPE
FIGURE 13-2 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: TUBE-AXIAL TYPE
FIGURE 13-3 AXIAL-FLOW FAN: VANE-AXIAL TYPE
FIGURE 13-4 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: BACKWARD INCLINED (AIRFOIL) BLADE
FIGURE 13-5 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: RADIAL (STRAIGHT) BLADE
FIGURE 13-6 CENTRIFUGAL FAN: FORWARD CURVED BLADE
FIGURE 13-7 SUMMARY OF FAN CATEGORIES, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS
FIGURE 13-7 SUMMARY OF FAN CATEGORIES, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED)
FIGURE 13-8 FAN CURVE FOR TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL FAN: BACKWARD INCLINED BLADE
FIGURE 13-9 FAMILY OF FAN CURVES
FIGURE 13-10 FAN LAW EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED WITH FAN CURVES
FIGURE 13-11 SYSTEM CURVE
FIGURE 13-12 SYSTEM CURVE CHANGE DUE TO INCREASED RESISTANCE TO FLOW
FIGURE 13-13 SYSTEM OPERATING POINT
FIGURE 13-14 FAN AIRFLOW MODULATION “RIDING THE FAN CURVE”
FIGURE 13-15 VARYING FAN OPERATING POINTS WITH FAN SPEED
FIGURE 13-16 SUPPLY FAN AIRFLOW CONTROL METHODS
FIGURE 13-17 FAN POWER INPUT VERSUS RATED AIRFLOW
FIGURE 13-18 AIR HANDLING UNIT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 14 AIR FILTRATION AND CLEANING [Go to Page]
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 AIR FILTRATION AND CLEANING
14.3 RATING AIR FILTERS AND CLEANERS
14.4 AIR POLLUTANT CAPTURE METHODS
14.5 CATEGORIES OF AIR FILTERS AND CLEANERS
14.6 PANEL FILTERS
14.7 RENEWABLE MEDIA FILTERS
14.8 ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS
14.9 AIR CLEANER AND FILTER LOCATION
14.10 FILTER INSTALLATION
14.11 ODOR REMOVAL
Table 14-1 Mechanical Air Filter MERV Rating Information
CHAPTER 15 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
15.3 CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION
15.4 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
15.5 HYDRONIC PIPING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
15.6 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATING TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS
15.7 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FLOW
15.8 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS
15.9 MULTI-LOOP HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
15.10 CONTROLLING HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FLOW
15.11 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
15.12 HYDRONIC SYSTEM HEAT TRANSFER MODE
15.13 CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS
15.14 THERMAL FLUIDS
15.15 SIZING CENTRAL EQUIPMENT FOR ALL-WATER SYSTEMS
15.16 HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN
Table 15-1 Physical and Heat Transfer Characteristics
FIGURE 15-1 SIMPLE HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIGURE 15-2 SIMPLE CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIGURE 15-3 ONE-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIGURE 15-4 TWO-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DIRECT RETURN)
FIGURE 15-5 TWO-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (REVERSE RETURN)
FIGURE 15-6 THREE-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIGURE 15-7 FOUR-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (SINGLE COIL CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS)
FIGURE 15-8 FOUR-PIPE HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DUAL COIL CONVECTION TERMINAL UNITS)
FIGURE 15-9 MULTI-LOOP HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIGURE 15-10 CONSTANT VOLUME HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DIVERTING VALVE)
FIGURE 15-11 DIVERTING VALVE A OUT
FIGURE 15-12 CONSTANT VOLUME HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (MIXING VALVE)
FIGURE 15-13 MIXING VALVE
FIGURE 15-14 SINGLE-SEATED TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 15-15 DOUBLE-SEATED TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 15-16 PASSIVE CHILLED BEAM
FIGURE 15-17 ACTIVE CHILLED BEAM
CHAPTER 16 HVAC HYDRONIC PUMPS [Go to Page]
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 PUMPS
16.3 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPERATION
16.4 HYDRONIC SYSTEM OPERATION
16.5 EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION TANK
FIGURE 16-1 TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
FIGURE 16-2 TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES SUPPLIED BY PUMP MANUFACTURERS
FIGURE 16-3 PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES
FIGURE 16-4 CORRECT PUMP CONNECTION TO EXPANSION TANK
FIGURE 16-5 INCORRECT PUMP CONNECTION TO EXPANSION TANK
CHAPTER 17 MOTORS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES [Go to Page]
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 ELECTRIC MOTOR TYPES
17.3 INDUCTION MOTOR SIZE CLASSIFICATION
17.4 INDUCTION MOTOR PURPOSE CLASSIFICATION
17.5 INDUCTION MOTOR
17.6 INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED-TORQUE RELATIONSHIP
17.7 INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
17.8 MOTOR STARTING
17.9 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
Table 17-1 System and Motor Voltages
Table 17-2 Voltage Tolerance Ranges
Table 17-3 Voltage Impact on Induction Motor's Operation
Table 17-4 Induction Motor Speeds for Specified Poles
FIGURE 17-1 TYPICAL INTEGRAL HORSEPOWER SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
FIGURE 17-2 TYPICAL SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR
FIGURE 17-3 INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED-TORQUE CURVE
FIGURE 17-4 NEMA DESIGN LETTER TOQUE-SPEED CURVES
FIGURE 17-5 TYPICAL FULL-VOLTAGE MOTOR STARTER
FIGURE 17-6 HVAC SYSTEM VFD USE
FIGURE 17-7 VFD DRIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
FIGURE 17-8 FAN AND PUMP OPERATION AS A FUNCTION OF SPEED
CHAPTER 18 HVAC SYSTEM CONTROL [Go to Page]
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 CONTROL SYSTEM BASICS
18.3 CONTROL LOOPS
18.4 THERMOSTAT: SIMPLE CONTROL SYSTEM
18.5 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
18.6 SENSING ELEMENTS
18.7 CONTROL SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
18.8 BUILDING AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
18.9 REMOTE HVAC SYSTEM MONITORING AND CONTROL
18.10 OPEN-ARCHITECTURE CONTROL SYSTEMS
18.11 CONTROL SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
18.12 CONTROL SYSTEM LAYOUT AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
FIGURE 18-1 GENERIC HVAC CONTROL SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIGURE 18-2 VAV TERMINAL UNIT CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIGURE 18-3 CONTROL LOOP
FIGURE 18-4 EXAMPLE HVAC CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
FIGURE 18-5 TYPICAL PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
FIGURE 18-6 TYPICAL PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVES
FIGURE 18-7 AUTOMATIC MULTIBLADE DAMPERS
FIGURE 18-8 TYPICAL BLEED TYPE THERMOMETER AND OPERATOR
FIGURE 18-9 THERMOSTAT FLAPPER-NOZZLE-BIMETAL ASSEMBLY
FIGURE 18-10 STATIC PRESSURE CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
FIGURE 18-11 BASIC ECONOMY CYCLE FOR CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
FIGURE 18-12 ENTHALPY CONTROL OF OUTDOOR AIR
FIGURE 18-13 OUTDOOR AIR CONTROL OF PREHEAT COIL
FIGURE 18-14 PREHEAT SECONDARY PUMP AND THREE-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 18-15 PREHEAT SECONDARY PUMP AND TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 18-16 HEATING COIL AND TWO-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 18-17 ELECTRIC COIL WITH SOLID-STATE CONTROLLER
FIGURE 18-18 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION: PRACTICAL LOW LIMIT
FIGURE 18-19 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION WITH REHEAT
FIGURE 18-20 EVAPORATIVE COOLING PROCESS
FIGURE 18-21 EVAPORATIVE COOLING WITH AN AIR WASHER
FIGURE 18-22 PAN HUMIDIFIER CONTROL
FIGURE 18-23 MIXED LOADS WITH DEMAND RESET
FIGURE 18-24 COIL CONTROL USING A THREE-WAY VALVE
FIGURE 18-25 PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES WITH VALVE CONTROL
FIGURE 18-26 TWO-WAY VALVE WITH PUMP BYPASS
FIGURE 18-27 TWO-PIPE CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM
FIGURE 18-28 CONTROL OF A HOT WATER BOILER
FIGURE 18-29 HYDRONIC SYSTEM LOAD AND ZONE CONTROL
FIGURE 18-30 STEAM-TO-HOT WATER HEAT EXCHANGE CONTROL
FIGURE 18-31 DUCT HEATER CONTROL
CHAPTER 19 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
19.3 SMOKE MOVEMENT
19.4 SMOKE MANAGEMENT
19.5 SMOKE CONTROL
19.6 SIMPLE STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
19.7 COMPLEX STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
19.8 ZONED SMOKE CONTROL
FIGURE 19-1 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FACTORS
FIGURE 19-2 AIR MOVEMENT DUE TO NORMAL AND REVERSE STACK EFFECT
FIGURE 19-3 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM USING PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL ACROSS A SMOKE BARRIER TO PREVENT SMOKE MIGRATION FROM THE LOW- TO THE HIGH-PRESSURE SIDE
FIGURE 19-4 SMOKE BACKFLOW AGAINST LOW AIR VELOCITY THROUGH AN OPEN DOORWAY
FIGURE 19-5 NO SMOKE BACKFLOW WITH HIGH AIR VELOCITY THROUGH AN OPEN DOORWAY
FIGURE 19-6 TOP INJECTION STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
FIGURE 19-7 MULTIPLE INJECTION WITH GROUND LEVEL FAN
FIGURE 19-8 MULTIPLE INJECTION WITH ROOF MOUNTED FAN
FIGURE 19-9 STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION WITH AIR SUPPLY AT EACH FLOOR
FIGURE 19-10 STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION WITH BYPASS AROUND SUPPLY FAN
FIGURE 19-11 TYPICAL SMOKE CONTROL ZONE ARRANGEMENTS
CHAPTER 20 CLEANROOM HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 CLASSES OF CLEANROOMS
20.3 CLEANROOM HVAC SYSTEMS
20.4 CLEANROOM AIRFLOW PARAMETERS
20.5 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLEANROOMS
20.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS
20.7 HVAC DUCTWORK
20.8 TYPICAL CLEANROOM SYSTEMS
20.9 CLEANROOM TESTING
Table 20-1 FS 209(D) Cleanroom Classifications
Table 20-2 History of FS 209: Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean Rooms and Clean Zones
Table 20-3 FS 209(E) Cleanroom Classifications
Table 20-4 ISO 14644 Family of Standards
Table 20-5 ISO Cleanroom and Other Associated Controlled Environments Classifications
Table 20-6 Air Pressure Relationship
Table 20-7 Cleanroom Temperature and Humidity
FIGURE 20-1 CONVENTIONAL FLOW CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-2 CROSS FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-3 DOWN FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-4 LAMINAR FLOW WORKSTATIONS
FIGURE 20-5 TYPICAL SECONDARY AIR LOCATION: CROSS FLOW LAMINAR FLOW CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-6 CONVENTIONAL CLEANROOM WITH BYPASS FAN
FIGURE 20-7 CONVENTIONAL CLEANROOM WITH PACKAGED FAN/ HEPA UNITS
FIGURE 20-8 CLEANROOM MECHANICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
FIGURE 20-9 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 4 CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-10 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 5 CLEANROOM
FIGURE 20-11 TYPICAL ISO CLASS 7 CLEANROOM
CHAPTER 21 LABORATORY HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
21.3 SUPPLY AIR SYSTEMS
21.4 EXHAUST AIR SYSTEMS
21.5 LABORATORY FUME HOODS
21.6 BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS
21.7 BIOMEDICAL LABORATORIES AND ANIMAL RESEARCH FACILITIES
Table 21-1 Typical Characteristics Of Biological Safety Cabinets
FIGURE 21-1 TYPICAL PROCESS FUME HOOD
FIGURE 21-2 TYPICAL BYPASS FUME HOOD WITH VERTICAL SASH AND BYPASS AIR INLET
FIGURE 21-3 TYPICAL AUXILIARY FUME HOOD
FIGURE 21-4 TYPICAL CLASS I BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
FIGURE 21-5 TYPICAL CLASS II TYPE A BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
FIGURE 21-6 TYPICAL CLASS II TYPE B BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET
FIGURE 21-7 NIH DESIGN REQUIREMENTS MANUAL CONTENTS
APPENDIX A DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION [Go to Page]
A.1 DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION OVERVIEW
A.2 DV SYSTEM OPERATION
A.3 DV SYSTEM THERMAL PLUME
A.4 DV SYSTEM ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS
A.5 CEILING HEIGHT
A.6 HEATING WITH DV SYSTEMS
A.7 DV SYSTEMS AND UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
A.8 CONCLUSION
APPENDIX B DEDICATED OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
B.1 DEDICATED OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
B.2 DOAS ADVANTAGES
B.3 DOAS DISADVANTAGES
B.4 FRACTIONAL AND INTEGRATED DOAS SYSTEMS
APPENDIX C SUSTAINABLE BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
C.1 SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
C.2 WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING?
C.3 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS
C.4 LEEDTM GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION
C.5 LEEDTM CERTIFICATION
C.6 EXAMPLE LEEDTM HVAC REQUIREMENTS
C.7 SUSTAINABLE BUILDING INFORMATION FOR THE HVAC CONTRACTOR
APPENDIX D THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE [Go to Page]
D.1 FULL OR PARTIAL STORAGE
GLOSSARY [Go to Page]

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HVAC Systems Applications, 2nd Edition, 2010