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HVAC Systems-Duct Design, 4th Edition, 2006

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FOREWORD
SMACNA DUCT DESIGN COMMITTEE
NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
1.3 PURPOSE
1.4 HISTORY OF AIR DUCT SYSTEMS
1.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.6 HVAC SYSTEMS LIBRARY
1.7 CODES AND ORDINANCES
1.8 HVAC DUCT SYSTEM TYPES
1.9 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS
1.10 INDOOR AIR QUALITY
1.11 VENTILATION RATES
FIGURE 1-1 U.S.A. BUILDING CODES AND ORDINANCES
CHAPTER 2 ECONOMICS OF DUCT SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
2.1 SCOPE
2.2 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3 INITIAL SYSTEM COSTS
2.4 ANNUAL OWNING COSTS
2.5 ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
2.6 OPERATION COSTS
2.7 CONTROLLING COSTS
2.8 DUCT ASPECT RATIOS
2.9 PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION AND LEAKAGE
2.10 COST OF FITTINGS
Table 2-1 Annual Life Cycle Cost Factors
Table 2-2 Cost of Owning and Operating a Typical Commercial Building
Table 2-3 Initial Cost Systems
Table 2-4 Aspect Ratio Example
Table 2-5 Relative Duct System Costs (Fabrication and installation of same size duct)
Table 2-6 Estimated Equipment Service Lives
FIGURE 2-1 RELATIVE COSTS OF DUCT SEGMENTS INSTALLED
FIGURE 2-2 RELATIVE INSTALLED COST VERSUS ASPECT RATIO
FIGURE 2-3 RELATIVE OPERATING COST VERSUS ASPECT RATIO
CHAPTER 3 ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION [Go to Page]
3.1 SCOPE
3.2 COMFORT
3.3 AIR DISTRIBUTION FUNDAMENTALS
3.4 OUTLET LOCATION
3.5 OUTLET CRITERIA
3.6 GRILLE AND REGISTER APPLICATIONS
3.7 SLOT DIFFUSER APPLICATIONS
3.8 CEILING DIFFUSER APPLICATIONS
3.9 OUTLETS IN VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV) SYSTEMS
3.10 INLET CRITERIA
3.11 EXHAUST OUTLETS
3.12 SPECIAL SITUATIONS
3.13 AIR DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY
3.14 ROOM TERMINAL DEVICES
3.15 SUPPLY AIR GRILLE AND REGISTER TYPES
3.16 SUPPLY AIR CEILING DIFFUSER TYPES
3.17 VAV AND THERMAL BOXES
3.18 TERMINAL BOX VARIATIONS
3.19 BASIC VAV SYSTEM DESIGN
3.20 VAV COMPONENTS AND CONTROLS
3.21 VAV SYSTEM ADVANTAGES
3.22 VAV SYSTEM DESIGN PRECAUTIONS
3.23 VAV TERMINAL DEVICES
Table 3-1 Metabolic Rates of Typical Tasks
Table 3-2 Operative Temperatures for Thermal Acceptability of Sedentary or slightly Active persons ( 1.2 Mets) at 50 percent Relative Humiditya
Table 3-3 Clo Units for Individual Items of Clothing = 0.82 ( Individual Items)
Table 3-4 Characteristic Room Lengths for Diffusers
Table 3-5 Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI)
Table 3-6 Guide for Selection of Supply Outlets
Table 3-7 Supply Air Outlet Types
Table 3-8 Supply Air Outlet Performance
Table 3-9 Recommended Return Air Inlet Face Velocities
Table 3-10 Return and Exhaust Air Inlet Types
Table 3-11 Accessory devices
FIGURE 3-1 CLOTHING INSULATION NECESSARY FOR VARIOUS LEVELS OF COMFORT AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE DURING LIGHT, MAINLY SEDENTARY ACTIVITIES
FIGURE 3-2 COMFORT ZONE
FIGURE 3-3 RANGE OF AVERAGE AIR MOVEMENTS PERMITTED IN THE SUMMER AND EXTENDED SUMMER ZONES
FIGURE 3-4 OPTIMUM OPERATIVE TEMPERATURES FOR ACTIVE PEOPLE IN LOW AIR MOVEMENT ENVIRONMENTS
FIGURE 3-5 PERCENTAGE OF OCCUPANTS OBJECTING TO DRAFTS IN AIR-CONDITIONED ROOMS (I-P)
FIGURE 3-6 PERCENTAGE OF OCCUPANTS OBJECTING TO DRAFTS IN AIR-CONDITIONED ROOMS (SI)
FIGURE 3-7 SURFACE (COANDA) EFFECT
FIGURE 3-8 OUTLET VELOCITY AND AIR DIRECTION DIAGRAMS FOR STACK HEADS WITH EXPANDING OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-9 AIR MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP A OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-10 AIR MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP B OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-11 AIR MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP C OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-12 AIR MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP D OUTLETS
FIGURE 3-13 AIR MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP E OUTLETS
CHAPTER 4 GENERAL APPROACH TO DUCT DESIGN [Go to Page]
4.1 SCOPE
4.2 DESIGN METHODS - OVERVIEW
4.3 SELDOM USED METHODS
4.4 DUCT HEAT GAIN OR LOSS
4.5 SOUND AND VIBRATION
4.6 PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION
4.7 DUCT LEAKAGE
4.8 FAN SIZING
4.9 TESTING, ADJUSTING AND BALANCING (TAB)
4.10 FINAL DESIGN DOCUMENTS
Table 4-1 HVAC Duct Pressure Velocity Classification
FIGURE 4-1 DUCT PRESSURE CLASS DESIGNATION (I-P)
FIGURE 4-1M DUCT PRESSURE CLASS DESIGNATION (SI)
FIGURE 4-2 SYMBOLS FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (I-P)
FIGURE 4-2M SYMBOLS FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (SI)
CHAPTER 5 DUCT DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS [Go to Page]
5.1 SCOPE
5.2 FLUID PROPERTIES
5.3 FLUID STATICS
5.4 FLUID DYNAMICS
5.5 FLUID FLOW PATTERNS
5.6 DUCT SYSTEM PRESSURES
5.7 FRICTION LOSSES
5.8 DYNAMIC LOSSES
5.9 BASIC DUCT SIZING
5.10 DUCT CONFIGURATIONS
5.11 DUCT FITTINGS
5.12 SYSTEM PRESSURE CHANGES
5.13 STRAIGHT DUCT LOSSES
5.14 DYNAMIC LOSSES
5.15 SPLITTER VANES
5.16 TURNING VANES
5.17 PRESSURE LOSSES IN DIVIDED-FLOW FITTINGS
5.18 LOSSES DUE TO AREA CHANGES
5.19 OTHER LOSS COEFFICIENTS
5.20 OBSTRUCTION AVOIDANCE
5.21 DUCT AIR LEAKAGE
5.22 DUCT HEAT GAIN/LOSS
5.23 SMACNA DUCT RESEARCH
5.24 FAN PRESSURES
5.25 FAN DEFINITIONS
5.26 FAN LAWS
5.27 FAN TESTING
5.28 FAN CLASSIFICATIONS
5.29 FAN TYPES
5.30 FAN CURVES
5.31 DUCT SYSTEM AIRFLOW
5.32 SYSTEM CURVES
5.33 AIR DENSITY EFFECTS
5.34 ESTIMATING SYSTEM RESISTANCE
5.35 SAFETY FACTORS
5.36 THE FAN OUTLET
5.37 THE FAN INLET
5.38 ASHRAE METHODS
5.39 FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
5.40 DEFICIENT FAN PERFORMANCE
5.41 SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS
5.42 BUILDING PRESSURES
5.43 BUILDING AIRFLOW CONTROL
Table 5-1 Unsealed Longitudinal Seam Leakage For Metal Ducts
Table 5-2 Applicable Leakage Classesa
Table 5-3 Leakage As A Percentage of System Airflow
Table 5-4 K Values for Outlet Ducts
Table 5-5 K Values for Single Width, Single Inlet Fans (SWSI)
FIGURE 5-1 CAPILLARY ACTION
FIGURE 5-2 VELOCITY PROFILE
FIGURE 5-3 RELATION BETWEEN FRICTION FACTOR AND REYNOLDS NUMBER
FIGURE 5-4 VELOCITY PROFILES OF FLOW IN DUCTS
FIGURE 5-5 SEPARATION IN FLOW IN A DIFFUSER
FIGURE 5-6 CHANGING VELOCITY PROFILES AT A MITERED ELBOW
FIGURE 5-7 EFFECT OF DUCT LENGTH ON DAMPER ACTION
FIGURE 5-8 PART DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART (I-P)
FIGURE 5-9 PART DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART (SI)
FIGURE 5-10 PRESSURE CHANGES DURING FLOW-IN DUCTS
FIGURE 5-11 RETURN AIR DUCT EXAMPLE
FIGURE 5-12 TO CALCULATE SPLITTER VANE SPACING FOR A SMOOTH RADIUS RECTANGULAR ELBOW
FIGURE 5-13 TURNING VANES RESEARCH
FIGURE 5-14 TURBULENCE CAUSED BY IMPROPER MOUNTING AND USE OF TURNING VANES
FIGURE 5-15 PROPER INSTALLATION OF TURNING VANES
FIGURE 5-16 AMCA DAMPER TESTS
FIGURE 5-17 DUCT OBSTRUCTIONS
FIGURE 5-18 EXAMPLE 5-5 FAN/SYSTEM CURVE
FIGURE 5-19 DUCT LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATIONS
FIGURE 5-20 RECTANGULAR ELBOW 90 DEGREE THROAT, 90 DEGREE HEEL
FIGURE 5-21 DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION ELBOW RESEARCH
FIGURE 5-22 END TAP RESEARCH
FIGURE 5-23 FAN TOTAL PRESSURE (TP)
FIGURE 5-24 FAN STATIC PRESSURE (SP)
FIGURE 5-25 FAN VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP)
FIGURE 5-26 TIP SPEED
FIGURE 5-27 CENTRIFUGAL FAN COMPONENTS
FIGURE 5-28 AXIAL FAN COMPONENTS
FIGURE 5-29 METHOD OF OBTAINING FAN PERFORMANCE CURVES
FIGURE 5-30 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR FC FANS
FIGURE 5-31 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR BI FANS
FIGURE 5-32 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR AIRFOIL FANS
FIGURE 5-33 TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN
FIGURE 5-34 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FANS
FIGURE 5-35 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR PROPELLER FANS
FIGURE 5-36 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR VANEAXIAL FANS
FIGURE 5-37 APPLICATION OF THE FAN LAWS
FIGURE 5-38 CENTRIFUGAL FAN PERFORMANCE TABLE (I-P)
FIGURE 5-39 CENTRIFUGAL FAN PERFORMANCE TABLE (METRIC UNITS)
FIGURE 5-40 SYSTEM RESISTANCE CURVE
FIGURE 5-41 FAN CURVE PLOTS
FIGURE 5-42 NORMALIZED DUCT SYSTEM CURVES
FIGURE 5-43 OPERATING POINT
FIGURE 5-44 VARIATIONS FROM DESIGN " AIR SHORTAGE
FIGURE 5-45 EFFECT OF 10 PERCENT INCREASE IN FAN SPEED
FIGURE 5-46 INTERACTIONS OF SYSTEM CURVES AND FAN CURVE
FIGURE 5-47 EFFECT OF DENSITY CHANGE (CONSTANT VOLUME)
FIGURE 5-48 EFFECT OF DENSITY CHANGE (CONSTANT STATIC PRESSURE)
FIGURE 5-49 EFFECT OF DENSITY CHANGE (CONSTANT MASS FLOW)
FIGURE 5-50 DUCT SYSTEM CURVE NOT AT DESIGN POINT
FIGURE 5-51 AMCA FAN TEST " PITOT TUBE
FIGURE 5-52 ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIFORM VELOCITY PROFILE
FIGURE 5-53 EFFECTS OF SYSTEM EFFECT
FIGURE 5-54 SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES FOR INLET DUCT ELBOWS " AXIAL FANS
FIGURE 5-55 SAMPLE ASHRAE FAN SYSTEM EFFECT “LOSS COEFFICIENTS”
FIGURE 5-56 CHANGES FROM SYSTEM EFFECT
FIGURE 5-57 SENSITIVITY OF SYSTEM VOLUME TO LOCATIONS OF BUILDING OPENINGS, INTAKES, AND EXHAUSTS
FIGURE 5-58 BUILDING SURFACE FLOW PATTERNS
FIGURE 5-59 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DUE TO STACK EFFECT
FIGURE 5-60 AIR MOVEMENTS DUE TO NORMAL AND REVERSE STACK EFFECT
CHAPTER 6 FAN-DUCT CONNECTION PRESSURE LOSSES [Go to Page]
6.1 SCOPE
6.2 FAN OUTLET CONDITIONS
6.3 FAN INLET CONDITIONS
6.4 EFFECTS OF FACTORY SUPPLIED ACCESSORIES
6.5 CALCULATING SYSTEM EFFECT
Table 6-1 System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts
Table 6-2 System Effect Factor Curves for Outlet Elbows
Table 6-3 System Effect Curves for Inlet Obstructions
Table 6-4
FIGURE 6-1 SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES
FIGURE 6-2 CONTROLLED DIFFUSION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIFORM VELOCITY PROFILE IN A STRAIGHT LENGTH OF OUTLET DUCT
FIGURE 6-3 OUTLET DUCT ELBOWS
FIGURE 6-4 PARALLEL VERSUS OPPOSED DAMPERS
FIGURE 6-5 TYPICAL HVAC UNIT CONNECTIONS
FIGURE 6-6 TYPICAL INLET CONNECTIONS FOR CENTRIFUGAL AND AXIAL FANS
FIGURE 6-7 NON-UNIFORM FLOW INTO A FAN INLET INDUCED BY A 90 DEGREE ROUND SECTION ELBOW - NO TURNING VANES
FIGURE 6-8 NON-UNIFORM FLOW INDUCED INTO FAN INLET BY A RECTANGULAR INLET DUCT
FIGURE 6-9 SYSTEM EFFECTS FOR VARIOUS MITERED ELBOWS WITHOUT VANES
FIGURE 6-10 SYSTEM EFFECTS FOR SQUARE DUCT ELBOWS
FIGURE 6-11 EXAMPLE OF A FORCED INLET VORTEX (SPIN-SWIRL)
FIGURE 6-12 INLET DUCT CONNECTIONS CAUSING INLET SPIN
FIGURE 6-13 CORRECTIONS FOR INLET SPIN
FIGURE 6-14 AMCA STANDARD 210 FLOW STRAIGHTENER
FIGURE 6-15 SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES FOR FANS LOCATED IN PLENUMS AND CABINET ENCLOSURES AND FOR VARIOUS WALL TO INLET DIMENSIONS
FIGURE 6-16 ENCLOSURE INLET NOT SYMMETRICAL WITH FAN INLET, PREROTATIONAL VORTEX INDUCED
FIGURE 6-17 FLOW CONDITION OF FIGURE 6-16 IMPROVED WITH A SPLITTER SHEET
FIGURE 6-18 CENTRIFUGAL FAN INLET BOX
FIGURE 6-19 FREE INLET AREA PLANE - FAN WITH INLET COLLAR
FIGURE 6-20 FREE INLET AREA PLANE - FAN WITHOUT INLET COLLAR
FIGURE 6-21 TYPICAL NORMALIZED INLET VALVE CONTROL PRESSURE - VOLUME CURVE
FIGURE 6-22 COMMON TERMINOLOGY FOR CENTRIFUGAL FAN APPURTRENANCES
CHAPTER 7 DUCT SIZING PROCEDURES [Go to Page]
7.1 SCOPE
7.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
7.3 DUCT SYSTEM SIZING PROCEDURES
7.4 FITTING PRESSURE LOSS TABLES
7.5 SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM-SIZING EXAMPLE 1 (I-P)
7.6 RETURN AIR (EXHAUST AIR) DUCT SYSTEM-SIZING EXAMPLE 2
7.7 SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE 3 (I-P)
7.8 EXTENDED PLENUM DUCT SIZING
7.9 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS (SI)
7.10 SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM " SIZING EXAMPLE. 1 (SI)
7.11 RETURN AIR (EXHAUST AIR) DUCT SYSTEM-SIZING EXAMPLE 2 (SI)
7.12 SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM SIZING EXAMPLE 3 (SI)
7.13 EXTENDED PLENUM DUCT SIZING
Table 7-1 Duct Sizing, Supply Air System - Example 1
Table 7-1 (a) Duct Sizing, Supply Air System - Example 1 (Continued)
Table 7-2 Duct Sizing, Exhaust Air System " Example 2 (I"P)
Table 7-3 Duct Sizing, Exhaust Air System " Example 3 (I"P)
Table 7-3(a) Duct Sizing, Exhaust Air System " Example 3 (I"P) (Continued)
Table 7-4 Semi-Extended Plenum Comparison
Table 7-5 Semi-Extended Plenum Installation Cost Comparison
Table 7-6 Duct Sizing, Supply Air System " Example 1
Table 7"6(a) Duct Sizing, Supply Air System " Example 1 (Continued)
Table 7-7 Duct Sizing, Exhaust Air System " Example 2 (SI)
Table 7-8 Duct Sizing, Supply Air System " Example 3
Table 7"8(a) Duct Sizing, Supply Air System " Example 3 (Continued)
Table 7-9 Semi-Extended Plenum Comparison
Table 7-10 Semi-Extended Plenum Installation Cost Comparison
FIGURE 7-1 DUCT SYSTEMS FOR DUCT SIZING EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
FIGURE 7-2 SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM FOR SIZING EXAMPLE 3
FIGURE 7-3 SYSTEM “A” " SIZED BY EQUAL FRICTION METHOD
FIGURE 7-4 SYSTEM “B” " MODIFIED BY SEMI-EXTENDED PLENUM CONCEPT
FIGURE 7-5 DUCT SIZING WORK SHEET (I-P)
FIGURE 7-6M DUCT SYSTEMS FOR DUCT SIZING EXAMPLES 1 AND 2 (SI)
FIGURE 7-7M SUPPLY AIR DUCT SYSTEM FOR SIZING EXAMPLE 3
FIGURE 7-8M SYSTEMS “A” SIZED BY EQUAL FRICTION METHOD
FIGURE 7-9M “B” MODIFIED BY SEMI-EXTENDED PLENUM CONCEPT
FIGURE 7-10 DUCT SIZING WORK SHEET (I-P)
FIGURE 7-10M DUCT SIZING WORK SHEET (SI)
CHAPTER 8 PRESSURE LOSS OF SYSTEMS COMPONENTS [Go to Page]
8.1 SCOPE
8.2 USE OF TABLES AND CHARTS
8.3 DAMPER CHARTS
8.4 DUCT SYSTEM APPARATUS CHARTS
8.5 ROOM AIR TERMINAL DEVICES
8.6 LOUVER DESIGN DATA
Table 8-1 Filter Pressure Loss Data
Table 8-2 Louver Free Area Chart 2 in. Blades at 45 Degree Angle
Table 8-3 Louver Free Area Chart 4 in. Blades at 45 Degree Angle
Table 8-4 Louver Free Area Chart 6 in. Blades at 45 Degree Angle
Table 8-5 Air Outlets & Diffusers " Total Pressure Loss Average
Table 8-6 Supply Registers " Total Pressure Loss Average
Table 8-7 Return Registers " Total Pressure Loss Average
Table 8-8 Typical Design Velocities
FIGURE 8-1 SYSTEM PRESSURE LOSS CHECK LIST
FIGURE 8-2 VOLUME DAMPERS (*BASED UPON AMCA CERTIFIED VOLUME DAMPERS)
FIGURE 8-3 BACKDRAFT OR RELIEF DAMPERS
FIGURE 8-4 2-HOUR FIRE & SMOKE DAMPERS (BASED ON AMCA CERTIFIED FIRE DAMPERS)
FIGURE 8-5 HEATING COILS WITH 1 ROW
FIGURE 8-6 HEATING COILS WITH 2 ROWS
FIGURE 8-7 HEATING COILS WITH 3 ROWS
FIGURE 8-8 HEATING COILS WITH 4 ROWS
FIGURE 8-9 COOLING COILS (WET) 4 ROW
FIGURE 8-10 COOLING COILS (WET) 6 ROW
FIGURE 8-11 COOLING COILS (WET) 8 ROW
FIGURE 8-12 AIR MONITOR DEVICE
FIGURE 8-13 LOUVERS WITH 45 BLADE ANGLE (*BASED ON AMCA CERTIFIED LOUVERS)
FIGURE 8-14 3 RECTANGULAR SOUND TRAPS " 3 FOOT (1M)
FIGURE 8-15 RECTANGULAR SOUND TRAPS " 5 FOOT (1.5M)
FIGURE 8-16 RECTANGULAR SOUND TRAPS " 7 FOOT (2M)
FIGURE 8-17 RECTANGULAR SOUND TRAPS " 10 FOOT (3M)
FIGURE 8-18 ROUND SOUND TRAPS
FIGURE 8-19 ELIMINATORS THREE BEND
FIGURE 8-20 AIR WASHER
FIGURE 8-21 SCREENS
FIGURE 8-22 AIR-TO-AIR PLATE EXCHANGERS (MODULAR)
FIGURE 8-23 AIR-TO-AIR SINGLE TUBE EXCHANGERS
FIGURE 8-24 ROTARY WHEEL EXCHANGER
FIGURE 8-25 MULTIPLE TOWER ENERGY EXCHANGERS
FIGURE 8-26 DRY AIR EVAPORATIVE COOLER
FIGURE 8-27 RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LOUVER SIZING
CHAPTER 9 PROVISIONS FOR TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING [Go to Page]
9.1 SCOPE
9.2 TAB DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9.3 AIR MEASUREMENT DEVICES
9.4 BALANCING WITH ORIFICES
9.5 PROVISIONS FOR TAB IN SYSTEM DESIGN
9.6 LABORATORY TESTING
9.7 FIELD TESTING AND BALANCING
9.8 TEST INSTRUMENTATION
Table 9-1 Airflow Measuring Instruments
FIGURE 9-1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIFFUSER LAYOUTS AND BALANCING DAMPER LOCATIONS
FIGURE 9-2 DUCT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUGGESTED BALANCING DAMPER LOCATIONS
FIGURE 9-3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE AIRFLOW TURBULENCE AND STRATIFICATION FROM TERMINAL BOXES
FIGURE 9-4 FAN RATING TEST
FIGURE 9-5 TYPICAL VELOCITY PROFILES ENCOUNTERED IN VELOCITY PRESSURE MEASUREMENT PLANES
CHAPTER 10 DESIGNING FOR SOUND AND VIBRATION [Go to Page]
10.1 SCOPE
10.2 BUILDING NOISE
10.3 HVAC NOISE
10.4 COMMON SOUND SOURCES
10.5 SOUND DATA STANDARDS
10.6 DUCT NOISE
10.7 DUCT SILENCERS
10.8 ACOUSTIC LAGGING
10.9 DUCT SOUND BREAKOUT
Table 10-1 Sound Sources, Transmission Paths, and Recommended Noise Reduction Methods
FIGURE 10-1 SOURCE, PATH, AND RECEIVER
FIGURE 10-2 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOM ADJACENT TO OFFICE AREA
FIGURE 10-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELL- BALANCED HVAC SOUND SPECTRUM FOR OCCUPIED SPACES
FIGURE 10-4 FREQUENCY RANGES OF THE MOST LIKELY SOURCES OF ACOUSTICAL COMPLAINTS
FIGURE 10-5 FREQUENCY AT WHICH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT GENERALLY CONTROL SOUND SPECTRA
FIGURE 10-6 DISSIPATIVE PASSIVE DUCT SILENCERS
FIGURE 10-7 ACTIVE DUCT SILENCER
FIGURE 10-8 EXTERNAL DUCT LAGGING ON RECTANGULAR DUCTS
FIGURE 10-9 BREAKOUT AND BREAK-IN OF SOUND IN DUCTS
CHAPTER 11 DUCT SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
11.1 SCOPE
11.2 DUCT SYSTEM SPECIFICATION CHECK LIST
11.3 DUCT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
11.4 ASTM STANDARDS
Table 11-1 Sheet Metal Properties
CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL DUCT SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
12.1 SCOPE
12.2 KITCHEN AND MOISTURE - LADEN SYSTEMS
12.3 SYSTEMS HANDLING SPECIAL GASES
12.4 INDUSTRIAL DUCT
APPENDIX A DUCT DESIGN TABLES AND CHARTS [Go to Page]
FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENT TABLES
HVAC EQUATIONS (I-P)
HVAC EQUATIONS (SI)
SI UNITS AND EQUIVALENTS
Table A-1 Duct Material Roughness Factors
Table A-2 Circulation Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity Dimensions (I-P)
Table A-2 Circulation Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity Dimensions (I-P) (continued)
Table A-2M Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity Dimensions (SI)
Table A-3 Spiral Flat-Oval Duct (Nominal Sizes)
Table A-3M Spiral Flat-Oval Duct (Nominal Sizes)
Table A-4 Velocities/Velocity Pressures
Table A-4M Velocities/Velocity Pressures
Table A-5 Angular Conversion
Table A-6 Loss Coefficients for Straight-Through Flow
Table A-7 Loss Coefficients, Elbows
Table A-7 Loss Coefficients, Elbows (continued)
Table A-7 Loss Coefficients, Elbows (continued)
Table A-7 Loss Coefficients, Elbows (continued)
Table A-7 Loss Coefficients, Elbows (continued)
Table A-8 Loss Coefficients, Transitions (Diverging Flow)
Table A-8 Loss Coefficients, Transitions (Diverging Flow) (continued)
Table A-8 Loss Coefficients, Transitions (Diverging Flow) (continued)
Table A-9 Loss Coefficients, Transitions (Converging Flow)
Table A-9 Loss Coefficients, Transitions (Converging Flow) (continued)
Table A-10 Loss Coefficients, Converging Junctions (Tees, Wyes)
Table A-10 Loss Coefficients, Converging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (continued)
Table A-10 Loss Coefficients, Converging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (continued)
Table A-10 Loss Coefficients, Converging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (continued)
Table A-10 Loss Coefficients, Converging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Tees, Wyes) (Continued)
Table A-11 Loss Coefficients, Diverging Junctions (Continued)
Table A-12 Loss Coefficients, Entries
Table A-12 Loss Coefficients, Entries (Continued)
Table A-12 Loss Coefficients, Entries (Continued)
Table A-12 Loss Coefficients, Entries (Continued)
Table A-13 Loss Coefficients, Exits
Table A-13 Loss Coefficients, Exits (Continued)
Table A-13 Loss Coefficients, Exits (Continued)
Table A-13 Loss Coefficients, Exits (Continued)
Table A-14 Loss Coefficients, Screens and Plates
Table A-15 Loss Coefficients, Obstructions (Constant Velocities)
Table A-15 Loss Coefficients, Obstructions (Continued)
Table A-15 Loss Coefficients, Obstructions (Continued)
Table A-15 Loss Coefficients, Obstructions (Continued)
Table A-16 Converting Pressure In Inches of Mercury to Feet of Water at Various Water Temperatures
Table A-17 Air Density Correction Factors
Table A-17M Air Density Correction Factors
Table A-18 SI Units (Basic and Derived)
Table A-19 SI Equivalents
Table A-20 Recommended NC-RC Levels For Different Indoor Activity Areas
Table A-21 Listening Conditions And Telephone Use As A Function Of NC-RC Levels
Table A-22 Sound Sources, Transmission Paths, And Recommended Noise Reduction Methods
Table A-23 Specific Sound Power Levels, Kw, For Fan Total Sound Power
Table A-24 Blade Frequency Increments (BFI)
Table A-25 Correction Factor, C, For Off-Peak Operation
Table A-26 TLout vs. Frequency For Various Rectangular Ducts
Table A-27 TLin vs. Frequency For Various Rectangular Ducts
Table A-28 Experimentally Measured TLout vs. Frequency For Round Ducts
Table A-29 Calculated TLout vs. Frequency For Round Ducts
Table A-30 Experimentally Determined TLin vs. Frequency For Round Ducts
Table A-31 Calculated TLin vs. Frequency For Round Ducts
Table A-32 TLout vs. Frequency For Various Flat-Oval Ducts
Table A-33 TLin vs. Frequency For Various Flat-Oval Ducts
Table A-34 Absorption Coefficients For Selected Plenum Materials
Table A-35 Sound Attenuation In Unlined Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts
Table A-36 Insertion Loss For Rectangular Ducts With 1 in. Of Fiberglass Lining
Table A-37 Insertion Loss For Rectangular Ducts With 2 in. Of Fiberglass Lining
Table A-38 Sound Attenuation In Straight Round Ducts
Table A-39 Insertion Loss For Acoustically Lined Round Ducts - 1 in. Lining
Table A-40 Insertion Loss For Acoustically Lined Round Ducts—2 in. Lining
Table A-41 Insertion Loss For Acoustically Lined Round Ducts—3 in. Lining
Table A-42 Insertion Loss Of Unlined And Lined Square Elbows Without Turning Vanes
Table A-43 Insertion Loss Of Round Elbows
Table A-44 Insertion Loss Of Unlined And Lined Square Elbows With Turning Vanes
Table A-45 7 ft, Rectangular, Standard Pressure Drop Duct Silencers
Table A-46 7 ft, Rectangular, Low Pressure Drop Duct Silencers
Table A-47 Round, High Pressure Drop Duct Silencers
Table A-48 Round, Low Pressure Drop Duct Silencers
Table A-49 Coefficients For Determining Static Pressure Drop Across Duct Silencers
Table A-50 Coefficient For System Component Effect On Duct Silencers
Table A-51 Transmission Loss Values For Ceiling Materials
Table A-52 Correction Coefficient “ ” For Different Types Of Ceilings
Table A-53 Average Sound Absorption Coefficients, , For Typical Receiving Rooms
Table A-54 Air Absorption Coefficients
Table A-55 Decibel Equivalents Of Numbers (N)
Table A-56 Five Place Logarithms
Table A-57 Natural Trigonometric Functions
FIGURE A-1 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART
FIGURE A-1M DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART
FIGURE A-2 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CORRECTION FACTORS
FIGURE A-3 CORRECTION FACTOR FOR UNEXTENDED FLEXIBLE DUCT
FIGURE A-4 AIR DENSITY FRICTION CHART CORRECTION FACTORS
FIGURE A-5 DUCT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
FIGURE A-5M DUCT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
INDEX [Go to Page]

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HVAC Systems-Duct Design, 4th Edition, 2006